FIRST TERM:
UNIT- 1 -GOOD MORNING (POEM).
I. NEW WORDS :
-
SKY
-
SUN
-
WIND .
-
BEES
-
CREEPING
-
BROWNIE
-
GRASS.
-
GONE AWAY
-
WIDE
-
AWAKE
II. MEANING:
- CREEPING: To move slowly and carefully.
Sentence : I was creeping downstairs in sleep.
The snail was creeping under my bed.
2. AWAKE : Not asleep.
Sentence : I was wide awake early in the morning.
The noise outside my house made me awake.
3. GONE: No longer present
Sentence: He had gone before I reached the party.
: You were gone for a long time.
4. AWAY : at a distance from a particular place.
Sentnece: He put away the gun looking at me.
: I was away when the doctor was here.
III. RHYMING WORDS:
1.SUN- RUN, FUN.
2. TREES- BEES, FEES.
3. DAY- PLAY, WAY.
4. TO- TOO.
5. NIGHT- RIGHT, FIGHT.
IV. OPPOSITES:
-
MORNING X EVENING
2. LITTLE X BIG
3. RUN X STOP
4. DAY X NIGHT
5.FIND X LOSE
6.AWAY X NEAR
7. AWAKE X ASLEEP
8.NOW X THEN
9. IN X OUT
10. WIDE X NARROW
11.UP X DOWN
V. DESCRIBING WORDS:
-
GOOD MORNING.
2. LITTLE WINDS.
3. CREEPING GRASS
4. BROWNIE BEES.
VI. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:-
1. Why is the child in the poem happy?
Ans. The child in the poem is happy because it is morning now and the night is over.
2. To whom does the child say ‘Good Morning’?
Ans. The child says ‘Good Morning’ to the sky, the sun, wind, birds, trees grass and bees.
3. What does the child want to do?
Ans. The child wants to go out and play with the birds and bees.
4. In the morning I say, “Good Morning”
At night I say, “Good Night”
A dog says “Bow-wow”
A cow says, “Moo-moo”
Say “Good Morning” in your own language to:
ANS: i. your friends : In Hindi,we say ‘Suprabhat’ for ‘Good morning’.
ii. your teacher : Good morning, madam. / In Hindi , we say ‘Namaste” madam.
2. How would you wish them when you leave school in the evening?
ANS: I would wish them ‘Good Evening’ when I leave from school in the evening.
5. Let’s say aloud. Find words in the poem which rhyme with.
Ans. Bee -Trees, day – Away, too – you
6. Tell each other an interesting thing you have seen in the garden one day.
ANS :One day while I was walking in the park, I saw a butterfly. It was looking very pretty . It had six small legs, a head with a pair of antennae, compund eyes. It has colourful wings which helps to fly.
TRY TO WRITE ON YOUR OWN ALSO:
Last Sunday, I was playing with my brother in the garden. There were beautiful flowers
of all kinds. Colorful butterflies were wandering from one flower to another. My brother and I wanted to touch the butterflies. As we went near the butterflies, they flew away. We tried many times, but we could not.
![Colourful Butterflies (27 Photos) | funmag.org](https://i2.wp.com/www.funmag.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/colorful-butterflies-26-photos-04.jpg?resize=650%2C417)
7. What do your see around you during the day and at night? Draw in the two boxes given below and colour the picture.
DAY :
![Birds+chirping Stock Illustrations, Images & Vectors | Shutterstock](https://image.shutterstock.com/image-vector/morning-scene-birds-chirping-background-260nw-1441005155.jpg)
NIGHT:
![Dream Night Free LiveWallpaper - Apps on Google Play](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/WT_nCxQ3Dge3kKTPd9e9ScO5m5wQrrIWK5-2I7coOiT_fCsfMYUdi8TvNk-qdlEcj3c=w720-h310)
8. Write two words each from the two pictures you have drawn.
Ans.
Day Night
1. Sunlight 1. Moonlight
2. Chirping birds 2. Birds sleep.
UNIT -1 –
LESSON -2 – THE MAGIC GARDEN
![The Magic Garden Class 3 English NCERT CBSE From Kids Eguides ...](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/cXT8rrsGix4/maxresdefault.jpg)
I. NEW WORDS:
-
MAGIC
-
GARDEN
-
.PLAY GROUND .
-
PRETTY
-
SUNFLOWERS
-
ROSES
-
MARIGOLDS
-
POPPIES
-
PANSIES
-
SUNSHINE .
-
HAPPILY
-
HUNDREDS
-
LITTLE
-
GARDENERS
-
SUNNY
-
WATERING CANS
-
THIRSTY ROOTS
-
DIG.
-
GROUND .
-
GOLDEN
-
FAIRIES
-
QUIET .
-
ASLEEP
-
DREAMING.
-
PLEASES.
II.MEANING:
-
MAGIC = THE ART OF PRODUCING AN ILLUSION, tricks that seems to be impossible.
-
GARDEN – LAND WHERE PLANTS AND FLOWERS ARE GROWN.
-
PLAY GROUND – A PLACE WHERE SMALL CHILDREN PLAY.
-
GARDENERS – A PERSON ONE WHO TAKES CARE OF THE GARDEN.
-
SUNSHINE – RAYS/ LIGHT FROM THE SUN.
-
GOLDEN- COLOUR OF GOLD.
-
DREAM – IMAGES OF MIND WHILE SLEEPING.
III. FORM SENTENCES USING THE WORDS GIVEN:
-
MAGIC – The children enjoyed the magic show by the famous magician.
2. GARDEN – I always walk in the garden in the morning and evening to get fresh air.
3. GARDENER : The gardener takes good care of our garden.
4. SUNSHINE : There is a warm sunshine in the early morning outside.
5. GOLDEN:- She has got beautiful golden hair.
IV. DESCRIBING WORDS: DESCRIBING WORDS ARE CALLED ADJECTIVES.
An adjective is a word that describes a noun. Words that describe sounds, shapes, sizes, times, numbers/quantity, textures/touch,weather are all examples of adjectives.
V. FIND OUT THE DESCRIBING WORDS FROM THE LESSON:
1.MAGIC GARDEN
2. PRETTY SUNFLOWERS
3. HIGH WALL
4. LITTLE GARDENERS
5. SUNNY MORNING
6. THIRSTY ROOTS
7. LITTLE CHILDREN
8. TINY BIRDS
9. PRETTY DRESSES
10. GOLDEN SUNSHINE
11. GOLDEN DRESS
12. SWEET SONGS
13.QUIET NIGHT.
V. OPPOSITES:
-
PRETTY X UGLY
-
FELL X ROSE
-
HAPPILY X SADLY
-
SUNNY X SHADY
-
LOVE X HATE
-
GOOD X BAD
-
BIG X LITTLE /TINY
-
KIND X UNKIND, CRUEL.
-
HARD X EASY
-
SOMETHING X NOTHING
-
STOPPED X STARTED
-
LIFTED X DROPPED
-
PROUDLY X HUMBLY
-
QUIET X NOISY
-
ASLEEP X AWAKE
VI. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:
-
Why did the flowers love the little children?
Ans. The flowers loved the little children because they used to care for flowers. They bring watering cans and water their thirsty roots.
2. Why did the birds love the children?
Ans. The birds loved the children because they used to bring bread for them.
3. Name five flowers growing in the magic garden.
Ans. The flowers growing in the magic garden are:
Pansy, Sunflower, Marigold, Poppy and Rose.
4. What sounds could the children hear in the garden?
Ans. The children could hear the sweet songs of the fairies in the garden.
5. Talk Time:
Question 1:Roses
I like roses.
Most roses are red.
Some are white.
Some are yellow.
Are there blue roses?
I have not seen any blue roses!
Which one is your favourite flower? Learn its name in English.
Answer: Rose is my favourite flower/ Lotus is my favourite flower.
6. Say aloud:
Ans. Little
People
Purple
Happily
Sleepily
Proudly
Slippery
Thirsty
Pretty
7. Name two words in each petal which you see in a garden.
Ans. Insects: Grasshopper, Butterfly
Trees: Mango, Guava
Flowers: Rose, Sunflower
Tools: Spade, Axe
Birds: Sparrow, Parrot
8. What would you like to grow in your garden? Write three sentences giving the names of the flowers that you might like to grow in your garden.
Ans. In my garden I would like to grow: Roses
In my garden I would like to grow: Marigolds
In my garden I would like to grow: Sun Flower ( TRY TO WRITE FEW ON YOUR OWN) .
In my garden I would like to grow ________________________.
In my garden I would like to grow ________________________.
In my garden I would like to grow ________________________.
UNIT -2 – BIRD TALK ( POEM)
![Bird talk ncert english class 3rd with solutions हिंदी में ...](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/y3ppA4h4MGg/maxresdefault.jpg)
NEW WORDS:
-
THINK
-
SITTING
-
ROBIN
-
JAY
-
BEETLES
-
WIRES
-
FUNNY
-
FEATHERS
-
GROW
-
WINGS.
II. RHYMING WORDS:
1.DAY -WAY,BAY,GAY.
2. GROW- KNOW, CROW.
3. WINGS -THINGS, RINGS.
4. THINK – BRINK, PINK.
5. FUNNY – BUNNY,SUNNY.
6.EAT – GREET, MEET.
7. SING- WING, KING.
III. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:
1. Name the two birds in the poem.
Ans. The two birds in the poem are robin and jay.
2. What are the three things that people can’t do?
Ans. The people can’t grow wings, eat beetles, or sit on wires and other things.
3. What do birds thinks of people?
Ans. Birds think people are so funny.
4. Imagine what two elephants would say to each other about people. Let them talk about.
![](https://i0.wp.com/media.mycbseguide.com/images/static/ncert/03/eng/Pm02/image002.jpg)
(a) What people look like?
Ans. Elephant 1: Look at that man’s nose.
Elephant 2: See how small it is!
(b) What they eat?
Ans. Elephant 1: Do you know what they eat?
Elephant 2: I don’t know, It’s strange they don’t eat grass, bamboo.
(c) How they walk?
Ans. Elephant 1: Look how those men are walking.
Elephant 2: Yes, they can’t walk on four legs.
TRY TO WRITE ON YOUR OWN ALSO: (ONE MORE MODEL)
Answer 1) Elephant 1: Look at that man’s nose. See how small it is!
Elephant 2: Indeed, it is. He looks so small.
Elephant 1: Why wouldn’t he? He eats so little; only 10 chapatis and few vegetables in a day.
Elephant 2: Oh My God! How is he still alive if he eats so less?
Elephant 1: On top of that he has only two legs.
Elephant 2: Yes, he is so unlucky. Look at us! We have got four legs to walk. Not only this, we also have a grand trunk. I am so proud of myself!
5. Let’s find two things which you can do and the birds can’t do. Tell the class.
Ans. (i) We can read books and write but birds can’t.
(ii) We can drive cars and scooters but birds can’t.
iii) We can talk, but birds cannot.
iv) We can walk, but birds cannot.
6. Listen to the sounds of the birds. Make a list of these words.
For example: Chirp, Chirp, Chirp: Sparrow.
Ans. Koo, Koo, Koo: Koel.
Caw, Caw, Caw: Crow.
7. Now write four sentences on birds using the following words. Nest, water, chirp, fly, sky, wings.
Ans. (i) Birds make their nest on the trees.
(ii) Birds have wings to fly in the sky.
(iii) Birds make a sound – chirp, chirp.
(iv) Birds drink water with their beak.
9. Say aloud:
Ans. (i) Think
(ii) Thin
(iii) Three
(iv) This
(v) That.
CREATIVE WRITING:
WRITE A SHORT PARAGRAPH ON BIRDS:
ANSWER:
Birds are in different colours, sizes and have beaks. Birds have wings, feathers and they lay eggs and are warm blooded animals. They have hollow bones which helps them to fly. A bird’s feathers weigh more than its skeleton. Parrots can speak like human being and they learn up to 100 words. Owls can rotate their head full 360 degrees but they can’t move their eyes. Ostriches have the largest eyes than an other bird in the world and they are the largest and fastest running bird. The humming bird is the smallest bird which can fly backward and lays the smallest egg. All Albatross can sleep while flying. Peacock is the NATIONAL BIRD OF INDIA.
************************************************************************************UNIT-2- LESSON -4- NINA & THE BABY SPARROWS:
![Nina and the baby sparrows ncert english class 3rd with answers ...](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/erw-HxguDX8/maxresdefault.jpg)
I. NEW WORDS:
-
MARRIED
-
WEDDING
-
DELHI
-
EXCEPT
-
MARKET
-
SHOOK
-
EITHER
-
UPSET
-
EVERYTHING
-
INSTEAD
-
TEARS
-
CHEEKS.
-
BOTHER
-
ROLLED
-
SPARROW
-
BOOKSHELF
-
BEGINNING
-
FEATHERS
-
HUNGRY
-
FEED
-
PROBLEM
-
WINDOW
-
REMOVE
-
PERFECTLY
-
SAFE
-
PLUMP.
II. MEANINGS:
-
Market- A place where people buy and sell.
-
Bother – to give trouble to others.
-
Problem – something that causes difficulty.
-
Dress- clothing.
-
Wedding – Marriage.
-
Upset – unhappy, sad, disappointed.
-
Lovely – pleasant
-
Remove- to take away from the particular place.
-
Plump – fat, chubby.
-
begin – to start.
III. Make sentences using the words given below :
-
Market- Nina went to the market with her mother.
– There’s a large weekly market for grain, vegetables and fruits every Sunday.
_ The global market is suffering due to covid-19.
2. bother – We should not bother our parents.
-“I’m sorry to bother you with my troubles, she said to her sister.
3. Problem – Playing with mobile phone for a long time causes serious health hazards.
4. dress- I wore a beautiful dress on my birthday.
– The Eskimos dress in warm furs.
5. upset – My brother was upset due to the lost pet he brought up with.
– I got upset by my friend’s comment.
6. Remove – I removed my toys from the shelf to play with it.
– Remove the cakes from the oven and coot it so that you can have it.
7.wedding – I am very happy to attend my brother’s wedding this week.
– The wedding ceremony was very beautiful and my grandparents took pictures.
IV. OPPOSITES:
-
GREAT X LITTLE
-
JOY X SORROW
-
HAPPY X UNHAPPY
-
MARRIED X UNMARRIED
-
NEW X OLD
-
NEAR X FAR
-
SOMETHING X NOTHING
-
BEGINNING X ENDING
-
CRY X LAUGH
-
WANT X UN WANT
-
OUTSIDE X INSIDE
-
FAT X THIN
-
GOOD X BAD
-
LITTLE X BIG
-
PLUMP X THIN
V. DESCRIBING WORDS:
-
GREAT JOY
-
NEW DRESS
-
LOVELY SHOES
-
WHITE SHOES
-
BIG TEARS
-
BIG HUG
-
PERFECTLY SAFE
-
PLUMP SPARROWS
-
BABY SPARROWS
-
GOOD IDEA.
VI. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:
1.Why was there great joy in Nina’s house?
ANS: There was great joy in Nina’s house, as Nina’s aunt was getting married.
2. Why was Nina worried?
ANS: Nina was worried about the baby sparrows in the nest that would be left hungry if no one remained at home on the day of the wedding.
3. What did mother suggest?
ANS: The mother suggested that the window will be left open, so that mama and papa sparrows can feed their baby sparrows in the nest.
4.What did Nina find when she came back from the wedding?
ANS: Nina found two plump little sparrows flying all over the room.
VII.TALK TIME: (STUDENTS CAN TRY TO WRITE ANSWERS ON THEIR OWN).
-
How do baby sparrows eat?
-
What new things would you like to wear for a wedding? You can say “I would like to wear…” I would also like to wear____________________________________.
Answer:
1) Baby sparrows eat every half an hour and they eat very little.
2) I would like to wear a long white frock. I would also like to wear a crown with pearls on it.
VIII. PICTURE STORY:
Number the jumbled picture story correctly. Then write the story in proper order.
Mother says, “We will leave the window open.”
Nina is happy again.
Nina is sad.
Nina does not want to leave the baby sparrows alone.
Mother asks why.
ANSWER:
1) Nina is sad when her mother asks her about the colour of the dress she woukd like to wear.
2) Mother asks Nina about why she was sad.
3) Nina is worried, as she does not want to leave the baby sparrows alone at home.
4) Mother comes up with a bright idea and tells Nina that she will leave the window open before going to the wedding, so as mama and papa sparrows can feed their baby sparrows.
IX. WORD BUILDING:
WRITE DOWN SUITABLE WORDS DESCRIBING EACH PICTURE: PICK UP THE WORDS FROM THE LIST GIVEN BELOW: (
beautiful black red happy tall fat.
A _________ woman
A __________ rose
A _________ boy
A _________ peacock
A ___________ board
A _________ Man
A fat woman
|
A red rose
|
A happy boy
|
![](https://i0.wp.com/media.mycbseguide.com/images/static/ncert/03/eng/ch02/image001.jpg)
|
![](https://i0.wp.com/media.mycbseguide.com/images/static/ncert/03/eng/ch02/image002.png)
|
![](https://i0.wp.com/media.mycbseguide.com/images/static/ncert/03/eng/ch02/image003.png)
|
A beautiful peacock
![](https://i0.wp.com/media.mycbseguide.com/images/static/ncert/03/eng/ch02/image004.png)
|
A black board
![](https://i0.wp.com/media.mycbseguide.com/images/static/ncert/03/eng/ch02/image005.png)
|
A tall man
![](https://i0.wp.com/media.mycbseguide.com/images/static/ncert/03/eng/ch02/image006.png)
|
xi. Describe these pictures in your own language.
Ans. (i) This is a fat woman and this is a rose.
(ii) This is Mohan and this is our national bird (Peacock)
(iii) This is our black board.
(iv) This is a very tall man.
UNIT – III- LITTLE BY LITTLE (POEM)
![Little by Little Poem For Class 3 | Download PDF for Free](https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/little-by-little-poem.png)
I. NEW WORDS:
-
LITTLE 2. ACORN 3. SLOWLY 4. MOSSY BED 5. IMPROVING 6. HIDDEN 7. DEEP 8. EARTH 9.DOWNWARD 10. SPRANG 11.THREAD-LIKE 12. SHOOT 13.SLENDER 14. BRANCHES 15. PRIDE 16. SIPPED 17. APPEAR 18. SPREAD 19. OAK 20. MIGHTY.
II. MEANING:
-
Acorn – A small brown nut of the oak tree with a cup -like base.
-
Dew – Tiny drops of water form on cool surfaces during the night.
-
Mighty – large and strong.
-
Mossy – covered with moss, a very small green or yellow plant that spreads over damp surfaces.
-
Pride – a feeling of achievement or satisfaction.
-
Slender- thin, narrow.
III. DESCRIBING WORDS:
- LITTLE ACORN 2. MOSSY BED 3. EACH DAY 4 THREAD – LIKE ROOT
- TINY SHOOT 6. LITTLE LEAVES 7. SLENDER BRANCHES
-
MIGHTY OAK.
IV.OPPOSITES:
1.Downward X Upward
2.Slowly X Fast
3.Little X Big
4.Slender X Fat
5.Mighty X Weak
6. Day X Night
V. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:
1. Name the tree that the acorn grows into.
Ans. The acorn grows into an oak tree.
2. What things does a seed need to grow?
Ans. A seed needs air, water and soil to grow.
3. How many describing words can you find in this poem?
Ans. Describing words in the poem are- slowly, improving, deep, sipped, tiny, slender, mighty etc.
4.Look at the two pictures. Find four things that are different about these trees and talk about them.
Ans. (i) The picture 1 shows that the tree which gives us many essential things. In contrary, picture -2 shows how we harm the tree in many ways.
(ii) In picture -1, the tree gives us medicines while in picture – 2, we are bringing wood around it.
(iii) The stem and leaves of the tree in picture -1 are smiling whereas these of the tree in picture -2 are sad and weeping.
(iv) The picture -1 shows that the birds are happy in the nest. On the other hand in picture -2, the birds are moving away from the tree due to problems created by the human beings.
VI. Look at the Picture -1. Write three sentences on what the trees give us.
Ans. (i) Trees give us fruits and vegetables.
(ii) Trees give us fresh oxygen.
(iii) They give wood for shelter.
(iv) They provide us medicines.
(V) They provide us rain.
(vi) They provide shelter for birds & animals.
(vii) They prevent soil erosion
![disign and draft a poster to highlight the importance of trees in ...](https://hi-static.z-dn.net/files/df1/90cff1c28a47c13216b30c094526aecf.jpg)
VI. b) Now look at Picture 2. Write three sentences on how we harm the trees.
Ans. (i) We cut plants for burning.
(ii) We cause pollution by setting up industries.
(iii) We pluck leaves for feeding domestic animals.
(iv) We cut trees to make our houses.
7. These words describe parts of a tree. Write them in the given space.
(a) Stem
Ans. It gives us strength to the tree and helps in making the tree stand straight.
(b) Bark
Ans. It is brown coloured part present on the stem.
(c) Leaves
Ans. These are green and many in number. This part makes food in the plant.
(d) Branches
Ans. These are parts emerging from stem on which the leaves grow. Birds make their nests on them.
(e) Twigs
Ans. These are thin, weak branches.
(f) Roots
Ans. These are thin like thread and long parts under the earth which hold the plant in the soil.
(g) Shoot
Ans. The uppermost part of the plant above the soil is called the shoot.
************************************************************************************
UNIT -3 – THE ENORMOUS TURNIP
![The Enormous Turnip | Class 3 English | NCERT/CBSE | From Kids ...](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/2PdpNGqycW8/maxresdefault.jpg)
I. NEW WORDS:
- ENORMOUS
- PLANTED
- TURNIP
- SEEDS
- PULLED
- OLD MAN
- OLD WOMAN
- HELP
- GIRL
- GREW
II. GIVE THE OTHER GENDER FOR THE FOLLOWING WORDS :
-
MAN X WOMAN
-
BOY X GIRL
-
FATHER X MOTHER
-
BROTHER X SISTER
-
UNCLE X AUNT
III. OPPOSITES :
1.OLD X YOUNG
2. WIDE X NARROW
3. UP X DOWN
4. ABOVE X BELOW
5. HIGH X LOW
6. LIGHT X DARK
7. PULL X PUSH
8. NEAR X FAR
IV. GIVE THE PAST TENSE OF:
1.PLANT – PLANTED
2. GROW – GREW
3. SAY – SAID
4. CAN – COULD
5. COME – CAME
6. WANT – WANTED
7. HELP – HELPED
8. EAT -ATE
V. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. What did the old man plant?
Ans. The old man planted some turnip seeds.
2. Why was it difficult for the old man to pull up the turnip?
Ans. It was difficult for the old man to pull the turnip because it was enormous.
3. Who helped him to pull up the enormous turnip?
Ans. An old woman, a boy and a girl helped him to pull up the enormous turnip.
4. Who ate the enormous turnip?
Ans. The old man, the old woman, the boy and the girl ate the enormous turnip.
VI.
Name and draw four vegetables that have to be pulled out from the earth. Now name them in your language.
Ans. Potato ![](https://i0.wp.com/media.mycbseguide.com/images/static/ncert/03/eng/ch03/image001.jpg)
Ginger ![](https://i0.wp.com/media.mycbseguide.com/images/static/ncert/03/eng/ch03/image002.jpg)
Carrot ![](https://i0.wp.com/media.mycbseguide.com/images/static/ncert/03/eng/ch03/image003.jpg)
Radish ![](https://i0.wp.com/media.mycbseguide.com/images/static/ncert/03/eng/ch03/image004.jpg)
VII. Let’s go shopping! How many vegetables can you find in the maze? Draw a circle around each word. One has been done for you.
![](https://i0.wp.com/media.mycbseguide.com/images/static/ncert/03/eng/ch03/image005.jpg)
VIII. Name four vegetables you ate last week. Write their names here.
Ans.
One |
Many |
Carrot |
Carrots |
Turnip |
Turnips |
Onion |
Onions |
Potato |
Potatoes |
Tomato |
Tomatoes |
10. One word in each of the following set is different than the others. Choose the odd one out.
(i) Turnip, potato, tomato, sunflower, brinjal, carrot.
Ans. Sunflower.
(ii) Cow, horse, fox, kangaroo, melon.
Ans. Melon.
(iii) Banyan, neem, peepal, mango, snake, apple.
Ans. Snake.
(iv) Rose, lily, sunflower, lotus, cauliflower.
Ans. Cauliflower.
(v) Peacock, parrot, lizard, crow, woodpecker.
Ans. Lizard, Woodpecker.